世界轮椅运动会 比賽 參考資料 导航菜单Paralympics: Where Heroes Come存檔Remembering...


身心障礙運動會1948年建立的週期性體育事件


路德維希·古特曼




世界轮椅运动会，全称是世界轮椅及截肢者运动会，也叫做斯托克·曼德维尔（Stoke Mandeville）轮椅运动会，是一个多项目的残疾人运动会。


第一届运动会是由路德維希·古特曼在1948年举办。



比賽



  • 1948: Stoke Mandeville Games for the Paralyzed [1] July 28, 1948, archery competition, 16 competitors[2] (14 men, 2 women[3])

  • 1949–1951: Stoke Mandeville Games

  • 1952:Stoke Mandeville, England – First International Stoke Mandeville Games[4] A Dutch team participated, making it an international event[2]

  • 1953–1959: International Stoke Mandeville Games (2nd–8th)

  • 1960: 9th Annual International Stoke Mandeville Games, Rome, Italy – later known as the 1st Paralympic Games[5]

  • 1961–1963: International Stoke Mandeville Games (10th–12th)

  • 1964: 13th International Stoke Mandeville Games for the Paralysed, Tokyo, Japan – later known as the 2nd Paralympic Games[6]

  • 1965–1967: International Stoke Mandeville Games (14th–16th)

  • 1968: 17th International Stoke Mandeville Games, Tel Aviv, Israel [7] – later known as the 3rd Paralympic Games

  • 1969–1972: International Stoke Mandeville Games (18th–20th)

  • 1972: 21st International Stoke Mandeville Games,Heidelberg, Germany – later known as the 4th Paralympic Games[7][8]

  • 1973–1975: International Stoke Mandeville Games

  • 1976: None (5th Paralympic Year)

  • 1977–1979: International Stoke Mandeville Games

  • 1980: None (6th Paralympic Year)

  • 1981–1983: International Stoke Mandeville Games

  • 1984: None (7th Paralympic Year)

  • 1985–1987: International Stoke Mandeville Games

  • 1988: None (8th Paralympic Year)

  • 1989–1991: International Stoke Mandeville Games

  • 1992: None (9th Paralympic Year)

  • 1993–1995: International Stoke Mandeville Games

  • 1996: None (10th Paralympic Year)

  • 1997–2000 – World Wheelchair Games

  • 2000: None (11th Paralympic Year)

  • 2001–2003: World Wheelchair Games[9]

  • 2004: None (12th Paralympic Year)

  • 2005: World Wheelchair and Amputee Games[10] – Rio de Janeiro,  巴西. Over 700 athletes from 44 nations. Five events: track and field, table tennis, archery, shooting, and billiards.[11]

  • 2006 World Wheelchair and Amputee Games, 班加羅爾,  印度

  • 2007: World Wheelchair and Amputee Games [12]臺北市,  中華民國

  • 2008: None (13th Paralympic Year)

  • 2009: IWAS World Games – 班加羅爾,  印度,[13][14][15]

  • 2011: IWAS World Games – 夏尔迦,  阿联酋 – 1–10 December 2011[16]

  • 2012: None (14th Paralympic Year)

  • 2013: IWAS World Games, 斯塔茨卡納爾,  荷蘭

  • 2015: IWAS World Games, 索契,  俄羅斯



參考資料





  1. ^ Paralympics: Where Heroes Come 互联网档案馆的存檔，存档日期2010-06-11., by Dr. Robert Steadward and Cynthia Peterson. Edmonton, Alberta: One Shot Holdings Ltd., 1997, melazerte.com, May 30, 2010


  2. ^ 2.02.1 Remembering Paralympics past, BBC, July 15, 2008


  3. ^ The Paralympics: It all started with Veterans 互联网档案馆的存檔，存档日期2016-08-15.. Veteran Affairs Canada


  4. ^ Chronology of Events in the Development of Wheelchair Basketball 互联网档案馆的存檔，存档日期2011-04-30., International Wheelchair Basketball Federation (IWBF)


  5. ^ Rome 1960, International Paralympic Committee (IPC)


  6. ^ The Thirteenth International Stoke Mandeville Games for The Paralysed, dinf.ne.jp, March 17, 1999


  7. ^ 7.07.1 Summer Games Governance 1960 to 1992 Archive.is的存檔，存档日期2012-12-16, International Wheelchair and Amputee Sports Federation (IWAS)


  8. ^ 21st Wheelchair Olympics, by Charles J. Bierbauer, The Pittsburgh Press, August 1, 1972, Google News Archive Search


  9. ^ 2003 World Wheelchair Games / Jeux Mondiaux 2003 互联网档案馆的存檔，存档日期2010-02-17., Canadian Wheelchair Sports Association


  10. ^ 2005 World Wheelchair and Amputee Games 互联网档案馆的存檔，存档日期2010-12-12., cwsa.ca


  11. ^ 21. Sports – Accomplishments Abroad – The First IWAS World Wheelchair and Amputee Games 互联网档案馆的存檔，存档日期2011-06-18., gio.gov.tw


  12. ^ Singapore wins 14 medals at World Wheelchair and Amputee Games 2007, sglead.wordpress.com, September 18, 2007


  13. ^ IWAS World Wheelchair & Amputee Games 2009, , International Wheelchair and Amputee Sports Federation (IWAS) Archive.is的存檔，存档日期2012-09-08


  14. ^ The Official Website of IWAS World Games 2009 互联网档案馆的存檔，存档日期2010-05-07.


  15. ^ IWAS World Games 2009 页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆, International Wheelchair and Amputee Sports Federation (IWAS), November 24, 2009


  16. ^ IWAS announced today that the bid to host the IWAS World Games 页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆, International Wheelchair and Amputee Sports Federation (IWAS), February 8, 2011








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