倒數伽瑪函數...
伽玛及相关函数解析函数
數學伽瑪函數倒數伽瑪函數複數平面亚纯函数倒數整函数比例魏爾斯特拉斯倒數魏尔施特拉斯分解定理萊昂哈德·歐拉卡尔·魏尔斯特拉斯無窮乘積歐拉-馬斯刻若尼常數泰勒級數黎曼ζ函數無窮倒數e瑕積分
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Γ函數的倒數的函數圖形
倒數伽瑪函數 .mw-parser-output .serif{font-family:Times,serif}
1/Γ(z) 的色相環複變函數圖形。
在數學中,倒數伽瑪函數(英語:Reciprocal gamma function)是指伽瑪函數的倒數:
- f(z)=1Γ(z){displaystyle f(z)={frac {1}{Gamma (z)}}}
其中,Γ(z)代表伽瑪函數。由於伽瑪函數在整個複數平面上皆非零且為亚纯函数,因此其倒數是一個整函数。
倒數伽瑪函數是一個1階整函數,其表示了log log |1/Γ(z)|的成長速度不會高過log |1/Γ(z)|。雖為1階整函數但屬無窮型,也就是說log |1/Γ(z)|的增長速度比任何|z|的倍數都快,因為它的增長與左手平面上的|z| log |z|大致成比例。
由於倒數伽瑪函數不像伽瑪函數快速成長,在程式計算上較伽瑪函數容易,例如其泰勒級數[1],因此部分軟體使用倒數伽瑪函數作為計算伽瑪函數的起點,一些軟體除了計算伽瑪函數外,會額外提供倒數伽瑪函數。
魏爾斯特拉斯將倒數伽瑪函數稱為「factorielle」表示階乘的倒數,並用於魏尔施特拉斯分解定理的發展[2]。
目录
1 無窮乘積展開
2 泰勒級數
3 漸近展開
4 以圍線積分表示
5 階乘倒數
6 積分
7 參見
8 參考文獻
無窮乘積展開
根據萊昂哈德·歐拉以及卡尔·魏尔斯特拉斯給出的伽瑪函數無窮乘積定義,可以推得倒數伽瑪函數即伽瑪函數之倒數的無窮乘積:
- 1Γ(z)=z∏n=1∞1+zn(1+1n)z1Γ(z)=zeγz∏n=1∞(1+zn)e−zn{displaystyle {begin{aligned}{frac {1}{Gamma (z)}}&=zprod _{n=1}^{infty }{frac {1+{frac {z}{n}}}{left(1+{frac {1}{n}}right)^{z}}}\{frac {1}{Gamma (z)}}&=ze^{gamma z}prod _{n=1}^{infty }left(1+{frac {z}{n}}right)e^{-{frac {z}{n}}}end{aligned}}}
其中γ ≈ 0.577216...是歐拉-馬斯刻若尼常數。這個乘積展開式對所有複數z都有效。
泰勒級數
倒數伽瑪函數從零展開的泰勒級數為:
- 1Γ(z)=z+γz2+(γ22−π212)z3+⋯{displaystyle {frac {1}{Gamma (z)}}=z+gamma z^{2}+left({frac {gamma ^{2}}{2}}-{frac {pi ^{2}}{12}}right)z^{3}+cdots }
其中γ是歐拉-馬斯刻若尼常數。對n > 2的情形,其zn的系數an可郵遞迴定義求出[3]:
- an=a2an−1−∑j=2n−1(−1)jζ(j)an−jn−1{displaystyle a_{n}={frac {a_{2}a_{n-1}-sum _{j=2}^{n-1}(-1)^{j},zeta (j),a_{n-j}}{n-1}}}
其中ζ(s)代表黎曼ζ函數。2014年,Fekih-Ahmed發現這些係數可以用積分表示[1]:
- an=(−1)nπn!∫0∞e−tℑ[(log(t)−iπ)n]dt.{displaystyle a_{n}={frac {(-1)^{n}}{pi n!}}int _{0}^{infty }e^{-t}Im [(log(t)-ipi )^{n}]dt.}
其前幾項的值為:
n | an |
|---|---|
| 1 | +1.0000000000000000000000000000000000000000 |
| 2 | +0.5772156649015328606065120900824024310422 |
| 3 | −0.6558780715202538810770195151453904812798 |
| 4 | −0.0420026350340952355290039348754298187114 |
| 5 | +0.1665386113822914895017007951021052357178 |
| 6 | −0.0421977345555443367482083012891873913017 |
| 7 | −0.0096219715278769735621149216723481989754 |
| 8 | +0.0072189432466630995423950103404465727099 |
| 9 | −0.0011651675918590651121139710840183886668 |
| 10 | −0.0002152416741149509728157299630536478065 |
| 11 | +0.0001280502823881161861531986263281643234 |
| 12 | −0.0000201348547807882386556893914210218184 |
| 13 | −0.0000012504934821426706573453594738330922 |
| 14 | +0.0000011330272319816958823741296203307449 |
| 15 | −0.0000002056338416977607103450154130020573 |
| 16 | +0.0000000061160951044814158178624986828553 |
| 17 | +0.0000000050020076444692229300556650480600 |
| 18 | −0.0000000011812745704870201445881265654365 |
| 19 | +0.0000000001043426711691100510491540332312 |
| 20 | +0.0000000000077822634399050712540499373114 |
| 21 | −0.0000000000036968056186422057081878158781 |
| 22 | +0.0000000000005100370287454475979015481323 |
| 23 | −0.0000000000000205832605356650678322242954 |
| 24 | −0.0000000000000053481225394230179823700173 |
| 25 | +0.0000000000000012267786282382607901588938 |
| 26 | −0.0000000000000001181259301697458769513765 |
| 27 | +0.0000000000000000011866922547516003325798 |
| 28 | +0.0000000000000000014123806553180317815558 |
| 29 | −0.0000000000000000002298745684435370206592 |
| 30 | +0.0000000000000000000171440632192733743338 |
而an的近似值為[1]:
- an≈(−1)n2πnn!ℑ(e−nz0z01/2−n1+z0),{displaystyle a_{n}approx (-1)^{n}{sqrt {frac {2}{pi }}}{frac {sqrt {n}}{n!}}Im left(e^{-nz_{0}}{frac {z_{0}^{1/2-n}}{sqrt {1+z_{0}}}}right),}
其中,z0=eW−1(−n)−n{displaystyle z_{0}={frac {e^{W_{-1}(-n)}}{-n}}}
- 而W−1{displaystyle W_{-1}}是分支為負一的朗伯W函数。
漸近展開
當|z|在arg(z)為一固定值的情形下趨於無窮,則有:
- ln(1/Γ(z))∼−zln(z)+z+12ln(z2π)−112z+1360z3−11260z5for|arg(z)|<π{displaystyle ln(1/Gamma (z))sim -zln(z)+z+{tfrac {1}{2}}ln left({frac {z}{2pi }}right)-{frac {1}{12z}}+{frac {1}{360z^{3}}}-{frac {1}{1260z^{5}}}qquad qquad {text{for}}quad |arg(z)|<pi }
以圍線積分表示
倒數伽瑪函數可使用圍線積分(contour integration[4])表示,此表示法由赫爾曼·漢克爾所提出,其為:
- 1Γ(z)=i2π∮H(−t)−ze−tdt,{displaystyle {frac {1}{Gamma (z)}}={frac {i}{2pi }}oint _{H}(-t)^{-z}e^{-t},dt,}
其中,H為漢克爾圍線。
階乘倒數
階乘倒數是指階乘的倒數。其等於所有小於及等於該數的正整數之倒數的積:
- ∏k=1n1k=1n!∀n≥1{displaystyle prod _{k=1}^{n}{frac {1}{k}}={frac {1}{n!}}quad forall ngeq 1}
其無窮級數收斂在e[5]:
- ∑n=0∞∏k=1n1k=e{displaystyle sum _{n=0}^{infty }prod _{k=1}^{n}{frac {1}{k}}=e}
由於階乘可以用伽瑪函數來定義,因此階乘倒數也可以表示為:
1n!=1Γ(z+1){displaystyle {frac {1}{n!}}={frac {1}{Gamma (z+1)}}}.
對於n≥1{displaystyle ngeq 1}的正整數,其階乘倒數可以用一個積分表示[6] :
1n!=12π∫−ππe−nıϑeeıϑ dϑ{displaystyle {frac {1}{n!}}={frac {1}{2pi }}int _{-pi }^{pi }e^{-nimath vartheta }e^{e^{imath vartheta }} dvartheta }.
同理,倒數伽瑪函數也可以用類似的方法表示。對所有的實數c>0{displaystyle c>0} 且 z∈C{displaystyle zin mathbb {C} },我們可以寫出倒數伽瑪函數沿著實軸的積分表示式[7]:
- 1Γ(z)=12π∫−∞∞(c+ıt)−zec+ıtdt,{displaystyle {frac {1}{Gamma (z)}}={frac {1}{2pi }}int _{-infty }^{infty }(c+imath t)^{-z}e^{c+imath t}dt,}
其中在z:=n+1/2{displaystyle z:=n+1/2}的特定情況下,則可獲得雙階乘的倒數與倒數伽瑪函數之關係:
- 1(2n−1)!!=π2n⋅Γ(n+12){displaystyle {frac {1}{(2n-1)!!}}={frac {sqrt {pi }}{2^{n}cdot Gamma left(n+{frac {1}{2}}right)}}}
積分
將倒數伽瑪函數在實軸上從零積到無窮的瑕積分為:
∫0∞1Γ(x)dx≈2.80777024,{displaystyle int _{0}^{infty }{frac {1}{Gamma (x)}},dxapprox 2.80777024,}(OEIS中的数列A058655)
這個值又稱為弗朗桑-羅賓遜常數。[8]
參見
- 伽瑪函數
參考文獻
.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{list-style-type:none;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>dl>dd{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-100{font-size:100%}
^ 1.01.11.2 Fekih-Ahmed, L. (2014). On the Power Series Expansion of the Reciprocal Gamma Function pdf (PDF). . HAL archives,
^ Hazewinkel, Michiel (编), Weierstrass theorem, Encyclopedia of Mathematics, Springer Science+Business Media B.V. / Kluwer Academic Publishers, 2001 [1994], ISBN 978-1-55608-010-4
^ Wrench, J.W. (1968). Concerning two series for the gamma function. Mathematics of Computation, 22, 617–626. and
Wrench, J.W. (1973). Erratum: Concerning two series for the gamma function. Mathematics of Computation, 27, 681–682.
^ 圍線積分 contour integration
^ Iwanami Sūgaku Jiten Fourth, Tokyo: Iwanami Shoten, 2007, ISBN 978-4-00-080309-0, MR 2383190 (日语) 142.D
^ Graham, Knuth, and Patashnik. Concrete Mathematics. Addison-Wesley. 1994: 566.
^ Integral formula for 1/Γ(z){displaystyle 1/Gamma (z)}. Math Stack Exchange.
^ Finch, S. R. "Fransén-Robinson Constant." §4.6 in Mathematical Constants. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press, pp. 262-264, 2003.
- Thomas Schmelzer & Lloyd N. Trefethen, Computing the Gamma function using contour integrals and rational approximations
- Mette Lund, An integral for the reciprocal Gamma function
- Milton Abramowitz & Irene A. Stegun, Handbook of Mathematical Functions with Formulas, Graphs, and Mathematical Tables
Eric W. Weisstein, Gamma Function, MathWorld